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The Private Limited Company in Thailand
The Private Limited Company remains the most common business structure chosen by foreign investors looking to establish operations within Thailand. This corporate form affords shareholders constrained liability, as their exposure is confined to capital contributed. Thai law mandates a minimum of three stakeholders, with shares held evenly.
Variation exists in ownership allowances depending on origin. Generally, no more than 49% of shares may be possessed by foreign entities due to the Foreign Business Act of 1999. Surpassing this requires obtaining a Foreign Business License or meeting Board of Investment incentives exemptions. Failure to adhere to these rules invites authorized divestment or registration invalidation.
For businesses from abroad pursuing compliance with local regulations, this structure provides a favored vehicle for involvement in Thailand’s market. Sentences of varying complexity intermingle alongside more succinct phrasing.
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What is a private limited company ?
This structure’s name also reveals the essence of its definition: private limited company. This legal person created by at least three shareholders allows them to limit their possible loss to the size of their capital contribution. It is the most common form for setting up a company in Thailand. The uniqueness of this structure, as mentioned before, is its founders. The entry of shareholders into a limited company is also characterized by significant freedom. Private limited company shareholder may be a natural or legal person. Becoming a shareholder is not subject to age or capable person’s ability restriction. For example, a minor can also be a shareholder in principle. A foreigner who is not a resident of Thailand can also become a shareholder up to 49% of the maximum share or, in special permission, up to 100% of the shares.
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What are the key points to set up a Private limited company in Thailand?
Legal Framework and Registration of a private limited company in Thailand
A Private Limited Company in Thailand is registered under the Civil and Commercial Code and is officially designated as “Company Limited” or “Co., Ltd.”. The registration process is administered by the Department of Business Development (DBD) under the Ministry of Commerce.
Shareholders and Directors’ Obligations
A Private Limited Company in Thailand must have a minimum of three shareholders and at least one director. Shareholders may be natural persons or legal entities, and they can be either Thai or foreign nationals. However, if the company is foreign-owned, compliance with the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 (1999) is required. While there is no nationality requirement for directors, Thai-majority ownership is often necessary to avoid the need for a Foreign Business License (FBL).
Minimum Capital Requirements
There is no statutory minimum capital requirement for setting up a Private Limited Company, except where specific business activities are subject to investment thresholds. However, for companies employing foreign nationals, a minimum registered capital of THB 2 million per foreign work permit is generally required.
Capital Structure and Memorandum of Association
The company’s registered capital must be fully declared in the Memorandum of Association (MOA). Certain business sectors impose minimum investment requirements or restrictions on foreign ownership, particularly under list one, two, or three of the Foreign Business Act or industry-specific regulations.
Liability of Shareholders of a private limited company in Thailand
Shareholders’ liability is limited to the amount of their unpaid shares. This ensures that their personal assets remain protected from the company’s debts and liabilities, except in cases of fraud, misrepresentation, or corporate veil piercing under Thai law.
Regulations on Business Activities and Licensing
Business activities in Thailand may be subject to licensing requirements and restrictions under sector-specific laws. Foreign-owned companies engaging in restricted business activities must obtain a Foreign Business License (FBL) or qualify for Board of Investment (BOI) incentives to operate legally.
Taxation and Compliance Obligations
The standard Corporate Income Tax (CIT) rate in Thailand is 20%, but other taxes such as Value-Added Tax (VAT), Specific Business Tax (SBT), and Withholding Tax (WHT) may also apply depending on the nature of the business. Compliance obligations include:
- Annual financial statements submission to the Revenue Department and the DBD
- Annual General Meeting (AGM) for shareholders
- Ongoing bookkeeping and corporate reporting obligations
Why set up a Private Limited Company ?
How does the Board of Directors of a private limited company in Thailand work ?
The Board of Directors handles corporate leadership and strategic planning. Under Thai business law, shareholders select directors during meetings and directors use their power according to the company’s charter, Thailand’s commercial codes, and any shareholder contracts.
Appointment and composition of the Board
Section 1144 of the Civil and Commercial Code says a Private Limited Company in Thailand needs at least one director responsible for administration. Directors are appointed by a shareholders’ resolution during a general meeting (Section 1171) and may be removed by a similar resolution (Section 1172).
Investors who want control should strategize director selections from the beginning. Shareholders can choose themselves or trusted individual as directors. However, directors’ powers are subject to specific limitations under Thai law, which should be outlined in the company’s Articles of Association and any shareholders’ agreements.
Carefully consider the number of directors and their power, as it directly impacts governance and decisions. To protect stakes, shareholders frequently agree on director picks, voting rights, and share transfer restrictions.
Decision-Making and Corporate Governance
The Board of Directors makes choices collectively. Unless the Article of Association says otherwise, majority vote of present directors decides (Section 1173). The Chairperson breaks ties unless internal rules disagree.
Directors must attend meetings in person; Thai business law does not allow proxy votes for directors. Each director has the duty to act in the company’s best interest, outlined in Section 1168 requiring business in good faith and care. Failing these duties can make directors personally liable for company losses (Section 1169).
While the Board of as private linited company in Thailand oversees high-level governance, managers or officers may handle operations, especially in large companies. Directors failing obligations face removal or Thai legal fallout.